Electric Circuits

Chapter Problems http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Users of Electric Circuits have consistently rated the Chapter Problems as one of the book’s most attractive features. In the ninth edition, there are over 1300 problems with approximately 75% that are new or revised from the previous edition. Problems are organized at the end of each chapter by section. http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Practical Perspectives http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

The ninth edition continues the use of Practical Perspective introduced with the chapter openers. They offer examples of real-world circuits, taken from real-world devices. Every chapter begins with a brief description of a practical application of the material that follows. Once the chapter material is presented, the chapter concludes with a quantitative analysis of the Practical Perspective application. A group of end-of-chapter problems directly relates to the Practical Perspective application. Solving some of these problems enables you to understand how to apply the chapter contents to the solution of a real-world problem. http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Assessment Problems http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Each chapter begins with a set of chapter objectives. At key points in the chapter, you are asked to stop and assess your mastery of a particular objective by solving one or more assessment problems. The answers to all of the assessment problems are given at the conclusion of each problem, so you can check your work. If you are able to solve the assessment problems for a given objective, you have mastered that objective. If you need more practice, several end-of-chapter problems that relate to the objective are suggested at the conclusion of the assessment problems. http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Examples http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Every chapter includes many examples that illustrate the concepts presented in the text in the form of a numeric example. There are nearly 150 examples in this text. The examples are intended to illustrate the application of a particular concept, and also to encourage good problem-solving skills. http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Fundamental Equations and Concepts http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Throughout the text, you will see fundamental equations and concepts set apart from the main text.This is done to help you focus on some of the key principles in electric circuits and to help you navigate through the important topics. http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Integration of Computer Tools http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Computer tools can assist students in the learning process by providing a visual representation of a circuit’s behavior, validating a calculated solution, reducing the computational burden of more complex circuits, and iterating toward a desired solution using parameter variation.This computational support is often invaluable in the design process.The ninth edition includes the support of PSpice® and MultiSim®, both popular computer tools for circuit simulation and analysis. Chapter problems suited for exploration with PSpice and MultiSim are marked accordingly. http://www.dropshippers.co.za/

Table of Contents

• List of Examples xiii
• Preface xvii
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Chapter 1 Circuit Variables 2

• Practical Perspective: Balancing Power 3
• 1.1 Electrical Engineering: An Overview 4
• 1.2 The International System of Units 8
• 1.3 Circuit Analysis: An Overview 10
• 1.4 Voltage and Current 11
• 1.5 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element 12
• 1.6 Power and Energy 14
• Practical Perspective: Balancing Power 17
• Summary 18
• Problems 19
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Chapter 2 Circuit Elements 24

• Practical Perspective: Electrical Safety 25
• 2.1 Voltage and Current Sources 26
• 2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law) 30
• 2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model 34
• 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 37
• 2.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources 42
• Practical Perspective: Electrical Safety 46
• Summary 47
• Problems 48
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Chapter 3 Simple Resistive Circuits 56

• Practical Perspective: A Rear Window Defroster 57
• 3.1 Resistors in Series 58
• 3.2 Resistors in Parallel 59
• 3.3 The Voltage-Divider and Current-DividerCircuits 61
• 3.4 Voltage Division and Current Division 64
• 3.5 Measuring Voltage and Current 66
• 3.6 Measuring Resistance—The Wheatstone Bridge 69
• 3.7 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent Circuits 71
• Practical Perspective: A Rear Window Defroster 73
• Summary 76
• Problems 77
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Chapter 4 Techniques of Circuit Analysis 88

• Practical Perspective: Circuits with Realistic Resistors 89
• 4.1 Terminology 90
• 4.2 Introduction to the Node-Voltage Method 93
• 4.3 The Node-Voltage Method and Dependent Sources 95
• 4.4 The Node-Voltage Method: Some Special Cases 96
• 4.5 Introduction to the Mesh-Current Method 99
• 4.6 The Mesh-Current Method and Dependent Sources 102
• 4.7 The Mesh-Current Method: Some Special Cases 103
• 4.8 The Node-Voltage Method Versus the Mesh-Current Method 106
• 4.9 Source Transformations 109
• 4.10 Thévenin and Norton Equivalents 113
• 4.11 More on Deriving a Thévenin Equivalent 117
• 4.12 Maximum Power Transfer 120
• 4.13 Superposition 122
• Practical Perspective: Circuits with Realistic Resistors 125
• Summary 129
• Problems 130
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Chapter 5 The Operational Amplifier 144

• Practical Perspective: Strain Gages 145
• 5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals 146
• 5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents 146
• 5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit 150
• 5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit 152
• 5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit 153
• 5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit 155
• 5.7 A More Realistic Model for the Operational Amplifier 159
• Practical Perspective: Strain Gages 162
• Summary 164
• Problems 165
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Chapter 6 Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance 174

• Practical Perspective: Proximity Switches 175
• 6.1 The Inductor 176
• 6.2 The Capacitor 182
• 6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of Inductance and Capacitance 187
• 6.4 Mutual Inductance 189
• 6.5 A Closer Look at Mutual Inductance 193
• Practical Perspective: Proximity Switches 200
• Summary 203
• Problems 204
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Chapter 7 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 212

• Practical Perspective: A Flashing Light Circuit 213
• 7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit 214
• 7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit 220
• 7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits 224
• 7.4 A General Solution for Step and Natural Responses 231
• 7.5 Sequential Switching 236
• 7.6 Unbounded Response 240
• 7.7 The Integrating Amplifier 241
• Practical Perspective: A Flashing Light Circuit 245
• Summary 246
• Problems 247
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Chapter 8 Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 264

• Practical Perspective: An Ignition Circuit 265
• 8.1 Introduction to the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 266
• 8.2 The Forms of the Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 270
• 8.3 The Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 280
• 8.4 The Natural and Step Response of a Series RLC Circuit 285
• 8.5 A Circuit with Two Integrating Amplifiers 289
• Practical Perspective: An Ignition Circuit 294
• Summary 297
• Problems 298
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Chapter 9 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 306

• Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution Circuit 307
• 9.1 The Sinusoidal Source 308
• 9.2 The Sinusoidal Response 311
• 9.3 The Phasor 312
• 9.4 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain 317
• 9.5 Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain 321
• 9.6 Series, Parallel, and Delta-to-Wye Simplifications 322
• 9.7 Source Transformations and Thévenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits 329
• 9.8 The Node-Voltage Method 332
• 9.9 The Mesh-Current Method 333
• 9.10 The Transformer 334
• 9.11 The Ideal Transformer 338
• 9.12 Phasor Diagrams 344
• Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution Circuit 346
• Summary 347
• Problems 348
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Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations 360

• Practical Perspective: Heating Appliances 361
• 10.1 Instantaneous Power 362
• 10.2 Average and Reactive Power 363
• 10.3 The rms Value and Power Calculations 368
• 10.4 Complex Power 370
• 10.5 Power Calculations 371
• 10.6 Maximum Power Transfer 378
• Practical Perspective: Heating Appliances 384
• Summary 386
• Problems 387
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Chapter 11 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 398

• Practical Perspective: Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power 399
• 11.1 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages 400
• 11.2 Three-Phase Voltage Sources 401
• 11.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit 402
• 11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit 407
• 11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 410
• 11.6 Measuring Average Power in Three-Phase Circuits 415
• Practical Perspective: Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power 418
• Summary 419
• Problems 420
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Chapter 12 Introduction to the Laplace Transform 428

• Practical Perspective: Transient Effects 429
• 12.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform 430
• 12.2 The Step Function 431
• 12.3 The Impulse Function 433
• 12.4 Functional Transforms 436
• 12.5 Operational Transforms 437
• 12.6 Applying the Laplace Transform 442
• 12.7 Inverse Transforms 444
• 12.8 Poles and Zeros of F ( s ) 454
• 12.9 Initial- and Final-Value Theorems 455
• Practical Perspective: Transient Effects 458
• Summary 459
• Problems 460
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Chapter 13 The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 466

• Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors 467
• 13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain 468
• 13.2 Circuit Analysis in the s Domain 470
• 13.3 Applications 472
• 13.4 The Transfer Function 484
• 13.5 The Transfer Function in Partial Fraction Expansions 486
• 13.6 The Transfer Function and the Convolution Integral 489
• 13.7 The Transfer Function and the Steady-State Sinusoidal Response 495
• 13.8 The Impulse Function in Circuit Analysis 498
• Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors 505
• Summary 506
• Problems 507
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Chapter 14 Introduction to Frequency Selective Circuits 522

• Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone Circuits 523
• 14.1 Some Preliminaries 524
• 14.2 Low-Pass Filters 526
• 14.3 High-Pass Filters 532
• 14.4 Bandpass Filters 536
• 14.5 Bandreject Filters 545
• Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone Circuits 550
• Summary 550
• Problems 551
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Chapter 15 Active Filter Circuits 558

• Practical Perspective: Bass Volume Control 559
• 15.1 First-Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters 560
• 15.2 Scaling 564
• 15.3 Op Amp Bandpass and Bandreject Filters 566
• 15.4 Higher Order Op Amp Filters 573
• 15.5 Narrowband Bandpass and Bandreject Filters 586
• Practical Perspective: Bass Volume Control 591
• Summary 594
• Problems 595
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Chapter 16 Fourier Series 604

• Practical Perspective: Active High-Q Filters 605
• 16.1 Fourier Series Analysis: An Overview 607
• 16.2 The Fourier Coefficients 608
• 16.3 The Effect of Symmetry on the Fourier Coefficients 611
• 16.4 An Alternative Trigonometric Form of the Fourier Series 617
• 16.5 An Application 619
• 16.6 Average-Power Calculations with Periodic Functions 623
• 16.7 The rms Value of a Periodic Function 626
• 16.8 The Exponential Form of the Fourier Series 627
• 16.9 Amplitude and Phase Spectra 630
• Practical Perspective: Active High-Q Filters 632
• Summary 634
• Problems 635
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Chapter 17 The Fourier Transform 644

• Practical Perspective: Filtering Digital Signals 645
• 17.1 The Derivation of the Fourier Transform 646
• 17.2 The Convergence of the Fourier Integral 648
• 17.3 Using Laplace Transforms to Find Fourier Transforms 650
• 17.4 Fourier Transforms in the Limit 653
• 17.5 Some Mathematical Properties 655
• 17.6 Operational Transforms 657
• 17.7 Circuit Applications 661
• 17.8 Parseval’s Theorem 664
• Practical Perspective: Filtering Digital Signals 671
• Summary 672
• Problems 672
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Chapter 18 Two-Port Circuits 678

• Practical Perspective: Characterizing an Unknown Circuit 679
• 18.1 The Terminal Equations 680
• 18.2 The Two-Port Parameters 681
• 18.3 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port Circuit 689
• 18.4 Interconnected Two-Port Circuits 694
• Practical Perspective: Characterizing an Unknown Circuit 697
• Summary 698
• Problems 698
• Appendix A The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations 705
• A.1 Preliminary Steps 705
• A.2 Cramer’s Method 706
• A.3 The Characteristic Determinant 706
• A.4 The Numerator Determinant 706
• A.5 The Evaluation of a Determinant 707
• A.6 Matrices 709
• A.7 Matrix Algebra 710
• A.8 Identity, Adjoint, and Inverse Matrices 714
• A.9 Partitioned Matrices 717
• A.10 Applications 720
• Appendix B Complex Numbers 725
• B.1 Notation 725
• B.2 The Graphical Representation of a Complex Number 726
• B.3 Arithmetic Operations 727
• B.4 Useful Identities 728
• B.5 The Integer Power of a Complex Number 729
• B.6 The Roots of a Complex Number 729
• Appendix C More on Magnetically Coupled Coils and Ideal Transformers 731
• C.1 Equivalent Circuits for Magnetically Coupled Coils 731
• C.2 The Need for Ideal Transformers in the Equivalent Circuits 735
• Appendix D The Decibel 739
• Appendix E Bode Diagrams 741
• E.1 Real, First-Order Poles and Zeros 741
• E.2 Straight-Line Amplitude Plots 742
• E.3 More Accurate Amplitude Plots 746
• E.4 Straight-Line Phase Angle Plots 747
• E.5 Bode Diagrams: Complex Poles and Zeros 749
• E.6 Amplitude Plots 751
• E.7 Correcting Straight-Line Amplitude Plots 752
• E.8 Phase Angle Plots 755
• Appendix F An Abbreviated Table of Trigonometric Identities 759
• Appendix G An Abbreviated Table of Integrals 761
• Appendix H Common Standard Component Values 763
• Answers to Selected Problems 765
• Index 781
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