Psychology

Table of Contents

BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS

• CHAPTER 1 The Science of Psychology
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CHAPTER 2 The Ways and Means of Psychology

CHAPTER 3 Evolution, Heredity, and Behavior

CHAPTER 4 Biology of Behavior

CHAPTER 5 Learning and Behavior

CHAPTER 6 Sensation

CHAPTER 7 Perception

CHAPTER 8 Memory

CHAPTER 9 Consciousness

CHAPTER 10 Language

CHAPTER 11 Intelligence and Thinking

CHAPTER 12 Life-Span Development

CHAPTER 13 Motivation, Emotions, and Health

CHAPTER 14 Personality

CHAPTER 15 Social Psychology

CHAPTER 16 The Nature and Causes of Psychological Disorders

CHAPTER 17 The Treatment of Psychological Disorders

• FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. The Science of Psychology

• What Is Psychology?
• Why Behavior is Studied
• Fields of Psychology
• The Growth of Psychology as a Science
• Philosophical Roots of Psychology
• Biological Roots of Psychology
• FOCUS ON: How Scientific is Psychology, Really?
• Applications in Education and Therapy
• FOCUS ON: What Are the Roots of Psychology Within Chinese Culture?
• Major Trends in the Development of Psychology
• Structuralism
• Functionalism
• Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
• Psychology in Transition
• Behaviorism
• Humanistic Psychology
• Reaction Against Behavior: The Emphasis on Cognition
• Reaction Against Behavior: The Emphasis on Neurobiology
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2. The Ways and Means of Psychology

• The Scientific Method in Psychology
• Types of Research
• Identifying the Problem: Getting an Idea for Research
• Designing an Experiment
• Performing an Experiment
• FOCUS ON: Response Bias in Different Cultures
• Performing a Correlational Study
• Reporting and Generalizing a Study
• FOCUS ON: Cross-Cultural Research
• Ethics
• Research with Human Participants
• Research with Animals
• Understanding Research Results
• Descriptive Statistics: What Are the Results?
• Inferential Statistics: Distinguishing Chance From Significance
• FOCUS ON: Alternative Methods
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3. Evolution, Heredity, and Behavior

• The Development of Evolutionary Science
• The Voyage of the Beagle
• The Origin of Species
• Discovering the Mechanisms of Heredity
• The Three Components of Evolution through Natural Selection
• Evolution of Humans
• Human Origins
• Heredity, Genetics, and Evolution
• Basic Principles of Genetics
• Genes
• Chromosomes and Meiosis
• FOCUS ON: Frontiers in Evolutionary Research
• Dominant and Recessive Traits
• Importance of Genetic Diversity
• Sex-Linked Traits
• Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations
• Genetic Disorders
• Evolution and Human Behavior
• Sociobiology
• Evolutionary Psychology
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4. Biology of Behavior

• The Brain and Its Components
• Basic Structure of the Nervous System
• Cells of the Nervous System
• The Excitable Axon: The Action Potential
• Communication with Other Cells: Synapses
• Drugs and Behavior
• Effects of Drugs on Synaptic Transmission
• Neurotransmitters, their Actions, and Drugs that Affect Them
• Study of the Brain
• Experimental Ablation
• Visualizing the Structure of the Brain
• Measuring the Brain’s Activity
• Stimulating the Brain’s Activity
• Altering Genetics
• FOCUS ON: The Ever-Changing Brain: Neural Plasticity and Neurogenesis
• Control of Behavior and the Body’s Physiological Functions
• Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
• Lateralization of Function
• Vision
• Audition
• Somatosensation and Spatial Perception
• Planning and Moving
• Episodic and Spatial Memory: Role of the Hippocampus
• Emotions: Role of the Amygdala
• Control of Internal Functions and Automatic Behavior
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5. Learning and Behavior

• How Learning is Studied
• Pavlov’s Procedure
• Thorndike’s Procedure
• Comparison between Pavlov’s and Thorndike’s Procedures
• Conditions Required For Learning
• Temporal Contiguity
• Behavioral Discrepancy
• FOCUS ON: Insight-Can Basic Learning Procedures Help Understand Complex Behavior?
• The Process of Learning
• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Stimulus Generalization
• Stimulus Discrimination
• Choice between Multiple Operants
• FOCUS ON: Self-Control--How Does Conditioned Reinforcement Affect Self-Control?
• Punishment
• Biological Basis of Reinforcement
• Neural Systems of Reinforcement
• Cellular Mechanisms of Reinforcement
• Learning with Experience
• Perceptual Learning
• Instructional Control
• Observational Learning
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6. Sensation

• Sensory Processing
• Transduction
• Sensory Coding
• Vision
• Light
• The Eye and Its Functions
• Transduction of Light by Photoreceptors
• Adaptation to Light and Dark
• Eye Movements
• Color Vision
• Audition
• Sound
• The Ear and Its Functions
• Detecting and Localizing Sounds in the Environment
• FOCUS ON: The Deaf Community
• The Chemical Senses
• Gustation
• Olfaction
• FOCUS ON: Sensory-Specific Satiety
• The Somatosenses
• The Skin Senses
• The Internal Senses
• The Vestibular Senses
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7. Perception

• Brain Mechanisms of Visual Perception
• The Primary Visual Cortex
• The Visual Association Cortex
• Visual Perception of Objects
• Figure and Ground
• Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization
• Models of Pattern Perception
• FOCUS ON: Does the Brain Work Like a Computer?
• Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing: The Roles of Features and Context
• Perceptual ("What") and Action ("Where") Systems: A Possible Synthesis
• Visual Perception of Space and Motion
• Depth Perception
• FOCUS ON: How Does Culture Affect Visual Perception?
• Constancies of Visual Perception
• Motion Perception
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8. Memory

• Overview of Memory
• Sensory Memory
• Iconic Memory
• Echoic Memory
• Short-Term or Working Memory
• Encoding of Information in the Short-Term: Interaction with Long-Term Memory
• Primacy and Recency Effects
• The Limits of Working Memory
• Varieties of Working Memory
• Loss of Information from Short-Term Memory
• Learning and Encoding in Long-Term Memory
• The Consolidation Hypothesis
• The Levels-of-Processing Approach
• Improving Long-Term Memory through Mnemonics
• The Organization of Long-Term Memory
• Episodic and Semantic Memory
• Explicit and Implicit Memory
• The Biological Basis of Long-Term Memory
• Remembering, Recollecting, and Forgetting
• How Long Does Memory Last?
• FOCUS ON: Cultural Contexts for Remembering
• Remembering and Recolleting
• Forgetting and Interference
• Reconstruction: Remembering as a Creative Process
• FOCUS ON: Some Sins of Memory
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9. Consciousness

• Consciousness as a Language-Development Phenomenon
• The Adaptive Significance of Consciousness
• Consciousness and the Ability to Communicate
• Does Conscious Thought Control Behavior?
• Selective Attention
• Auditory Information
• Visual Information
• Brain Mechanisms of Selective Attention
• Consciousness and the Brain
• Isolation Aphasia: A Case of Global Unawareness
• Visual Agnosia: Lack of Awareness of Visual Perceptions
• The Split-Brain Syndrome
• FOCUS ON: Embodied Consciousness and the Out-of-Body Experience
• Hypnosis
• Hypnotic Induction and Suggestion
• Sleep
• The Stages of Sleep
• Functions of Sleep
• Dreaming
• Disorders of Sleep
• Brain Mechanisms of Sleep
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10. Language

• Speech Comprehension and Production
• Speech Recognition
• Understanding the Meaning of Speech
• Brain Mechanisms of Speech Production and Comprehension
• Reading
• Scanning of Text
• Phonetic and Whole-Word Recognition: Evidence from Cognitive Neuroscience
• Language Acquisition by Children
• Language Acquisition Device
• Recognition of Speech Sounds by Infants
• The Prespeech Period and the First Words
• The Two-Word Stage
• How Adults Talk to Children
• Acquisition of Adult Rules of Grammar
• Acquisition of Meaning
• The Role of Memory in Understanding the Meanings of Written Words and Sentences
• FOCUS ON: Communication with Other Species
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11. Intelligence and Thinking

• Intelligence: Is It Global or Componential?
• Spearman’s g Theory
• Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
• Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• FOCUS ON: Cultural Definitions of Intelligence
• Intelligence Testing
• Intelligence Tests
• Reliability and Validity of Intelligence Tests
• The Use and Abuse of Intelligence Tests
• The Roles of Heredity and Environment
• The Meaning of Heritability
• Sources of Environmental and Genetic Effects during Development
• A Sample of Results of Heritability Studies
• FOCUS ON: The Issue of Race and Intelligence
• Thinking and Problem Solving
• Classification and Concept Formation
• Deductive Reasoning
• Inductive Reasoning
• Problem Solving
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12. Life-Span Development

• Prenatal Development
• Stages of Prenatal Development
• Threats to Normal Prenatal Development
• Physical and Perceptual Development in Infancy and Childhood
• Motor Development
• Perceptual Development
• Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
• The Importance of a Responsive Environment
• The Work of Jean Piaget
• Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
• Applying Information-Processing Models to Cognitive Development
• FOCUS ON: Cognitive Development and Television Viewing
• Social Development in Infancy and Childhood
• Behaviors of the Infant That Foster Attachment
• The Nature and Quality of Attachment
• Approaches to Child Rearing
• Interactions with Peers
• Development of Gender Roles
• The Nature of Gender Differences
• Moral Development
• Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
• Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
• Evaluation of Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s Theories of Moral Development
• Adolescence
• Physical Development
• Social Development
• Cognitive Development
• Adulthood and Old Age
• Physical Development
• Cognitive Development
• Social Development
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13. Motivation, Emotions, and Health

• What is Motivation?
• Reinforcement and Motivation
• Untoward Effects of Reinforcement: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
• What Determines the Strength of Behavior?
• What Determines the Persistence of Behavior?
• Eating
• What Starts a Meal?
• What Stops a Meal?
• Obesity
• Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
• FOCUS ON: Eating Disorders in Other Cultures
• Aggressive Behavior
• Ethological Studies of Aggression
• Hormones and Aggression
• Environmental Variables that Affect Human Aggression
• Sexual Behavior
• Effects of Sex Hormones on Behavior
• Sexual Orientation
• Emotion
• Emotions as Response Patterns
• Aggression, Moral Judgment, and Impulse Control
• The Expression and Recognition of Emotions
• The Social Nature of Emotional Expressions of Humans
• The Universality of Emotional Expressions of Humans
• Situations that Produce Emotions: The Role of Cognition
• Feelings of Emotions
• Stress and Health
• The Biological Basis of Stress
• Cognitive Appraisal and Stress
• Behaviors Related to Stress and Impaired Health
• Stress Reactions and CHD
• Psychoneuroimmunology
• Coping with Everyday Stress
• Coping Styles and Strategies
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14. Personality

• Trait Theories of Personality
• Personality Types and Traits
• Identification of Personality Traits
• Psychobiological Approaches
• Heritability of Personality Traits
• Brain Mechanisms in Personality
• FOCUS ON: Gender Differences in Personality
• Social Cognitive Approaches
• Expectancies and Observational Learning
• Reciprocal Determinism and Self-Efficacy
• Personality Across Time
• FOCUS ON: Traits versus Situations as Predictors of Behavior
• Locus of Control
• Positive Psychology
• The Psychodynamic Approach
• The Development of Freud’s Theory
• Structures of the Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego
• Defense Mechanisms
• Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of Personality Development
• Further Development of Freud’s Theory: The Neo-Freudians
• Some Observations on Psychodynamic Theory and Research
• The Humanistic Approach
• Maslow and Self-Actualization
• Rogers and Conditions of Worth
• Some Observations on the Humanistic Approach
• Assessment of Personality
• Objective Tests of Personality
• Projective Tests of Personality
• Evaluation of Projective Tests
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15. Social Psychology

• Social Cognition
• Impression Formation
• The Self
• Attribution
• Attributional Biases
• Attribution, Heuristics, and Social Cognition
• Attitudes: Their Formation and Change
• Formation of Attitudes
• Attitude Change and Persuasion
• Cognitive Dissonance
• Self-Perception
• Stereotypes and Prejudice
• The Origins of Prejudice
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
• Hope for Change
• Social Influences and Group Behavior
• Conformity
• Social Facilitation
• Social Loafing
• Commitment and Compliance
• Obedience to Authority
• Group Decision Making
• Resisting Social Influences
• Interpersonal Attraction and Loving
• Interpersonal Attraction
• FOCUS ON: Arousal and Interpersonal Attraction
• Loving
• FOCUS ON: The Evolution of Love
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16. The Nature and Causes of Psychological Disorders

• Classification and Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders
• What Is “Abnormal”?
• Perspectives on the Causes of Psychological Disorders
• The DSM-IV-TR Classification Scheme
• Some Problems with DSM-IV-TR Classification
• FOCUS ON: Clinical versus Actuarial Diagnosis
• Disorders Usually Diagnosed in Childhood
• Attention-Defifcit/Hyperactivity Disorder
• Autistic Disorder
• Substance-Related Disorders
• Description
• Possible Causes
• Schizophrenia
• Description
• Types of Schizophrenia
• Possible Causes
• Mood Disorders
• Description
• Possible Causes
• Anxiety and Dissociative Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders
• Dissociative Disorders
• FOCUS ON: Culture-Bound Syndromes
• Personality Disorders
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Borderline Personality Disorder
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17. The Treatment of Psychological Disorders

• Psychological Disorders and Therapy
• Early Treatment of Psychological Disorders
• The Development of Treatment
• Insight Therapies
• Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapies
• Contemporary Psychodynamic Theory
• Humanistic Therapy
• Evaluation of Insight Therapies
• Behavior Therapies and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
• Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning
• Therapies Based on Operant Conditioning
• Maintaining Behavioral Change
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
• Evaluation of Behavior and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
• Group Therapies and Community Psychology
• Family Therapy and Couples Therapy
• Community Psychology
• Evaluation of Family and Couples Therapy and Community Psychology
• FOCUS ON: Cultural Belief Systems and Indigenous Healing Therapies
• Biological Therapies
• Drug Therapy
• Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Psychosurgery
• Evaluation of Biological Treatments
• FOCUS ON: Assessing Therapeutic Efficacy
• The Relationship between Client and Therapist
• Ethical Issues
• Selecting a Therapist
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