Neuropsychology

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Neuropsychology

• 1.1 Introduction to Neuropsychology
• 1.1.1 The 10% Myth
• 1.1.2 What is Neuropsychology?
• 1.1.3 Heart, Mind, and Brain: The Early History of Neuropsychology
• 1.1.4 The Mind-Body problem
• 1.2 The Recent History of Neuropsychology
• 1.2.1 Cataloguing the Effects of Lesions.
• 1.2.2 Focus on the Neuron.
• 1.2.3 The Brain Mappers.
• 1.2.4 Functional Neurosurgery.
• 1.2.5 The Paradigm Shift in Neuropsychology
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2. Neuroanatomy

• 2.1 Cells of the Nervous System.
• 2.1.1 Neurons & Glia: Structure and Function
• 2.1.2 Communication within the Neuron: The Action Potential
• 2.1.3 Communication between Neurons: The Synapse
• 2.1.4 Neurotransmitters
• 2.2 The Nervous System.
• 2.2.1 Positional Terms
• 2.2.2. Divisions of the Nervous System
• 2.2.3 Spinal Cord.2.2.4 Divisions of the Brain
• 2.2.5 Hindbrain
• 2.2.6 Midbrain
• 2.2.7 Forebrain
• 2.2.8 Connections between the two halves of the brain
• 2.2.9 Cranial Nerves
• 2.2.10 Blood Supply
• 2.2.11 Protection
• 2.2.11.1 Bone
• 2.2.11.2 The Meninges
• 2.2.11.3 The Ventricular System
• 2.2.11.4 The Blood-Brain Barrier.
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3. Techniques in Neuropsychology

• 3.1 Study of the damaged nervous system.
• 3.1.1. The Scientific Method
• 3.1.2 Non-human animal models
• 3.1.3 Cognitive testing.
• 3.2 Brain Imaging.
• 3.2.1 Structural Imaging
• 3.2.2 Electrophysiological Measures
• 3.2.3 Functional imaging
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4. Laterality

• 4.1 Methods.
• 4.1.1 Split brain
• 4.1.2 Sodium Amytal
• 4.1.3 Dichotic Listening
• 4.1.4 Tachistoscopic Presentations
• 4.1.5 Dual Task Paradigms
• 4.2 Neuroanatomical, Neurochemical, and Behavioral Findings.
• 4.2.1 Neuroanatomical asymmetries
• 4.2.2 Neurochemical asymmetries
• 4.2.3 Functional asymmetries
• 4.3 Why is there Hemispheric Specialization?
• 4.3.1 Environmental theories
• 4.3.2 Genetic theories
• 4.3.3 Developmental theories
• 4.3.4 Evolutionary theories.
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5. The Sensorimotor System

• 5.1 Sensorimotor System.
• 5.1.1 Why sensorimotor?
• 5.1.2 Somatosensory receptors
• 5.1.3. Somatosensory pathways in the brain
• 5.1.4 Association Cortex
• 5.1.5 Secondary Motor Cortex
• 5.1.6 Primary Motor Cortex
• 5.1.7 Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum.
• 5.1.8 Descending and Ascending Motor Pathways
• 5.2 Deficits in the Sensorimotor System.
• 5.2.1 Cortical Sensorimotor Disorders
• 5.2.2 Subcortical Motor Disorders
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6. Sensation and Perception: Vision

• 6.1 Organization of sensory systems.
• 6.1.1 Hierarchical Organization
• 6.1.2 Segregation
• 6.1.3 Parallel Processing
• 6.2 Visual System.
• 6.2.1 Light: Stimulus for the visual system
• 6.2.2 The Eye and Retina
• 6.2.3 Retino-geniculate-striate system
• 6.2.4 Dorsal and Ventral Stream of Processing
• 6.3 Deficits in the Visual System.
• 6.3.1 Agnosia.
• 6.3.2 Optic Aphasia
• 6.3.3 Blindsight
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7. Memory

• 7.1 Types of Memories.
• 7.1.1 Working Memory and Short-term Memory.
• 7.1.2 Long-term Memory
• 7.2 Disorders of Memory.
• 7.2.1 Amnesia: Retrograde and Anterograde
• 7.2.2 Dementias
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8. Hearing and Language Processing

• 8.1 Auditory System.
• 8.1.1 Sound
• 8.1.2 The Ear
• 8.1.3 Auditory Pathways
• 8.1.4 Auditory Cortices
• 8.2 Language systems in the brain.
• 8.2.1 Models of Spoken Language
• 8.2.2 Models of Visual Language
• 8.2.3 Prosody and the Role of the Right Hemisphere in Language Processing.
• 8.2.4 Interim Summary
• 8.3 Disorders of Language and Auditory Perception.
• 8.3.1 Aphasia
• 8.3.2 Subtypes of acquired alexia
• 8.3.2 Alexia without agraphia
• 8.3.3 Agraphia without alexia
• 8.3.4 Subtypes of acquired agraphia
• 8.3.5 Aprosodias
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9. Emotion

• 9.1 Emotion.
• 9.1.1 What is emotion? How does it differ from motivation?
• 9.1.2 Theories of emotion
• 9.1.3 Laterality of emotion
• 9.1.4 Role of subcortical structures in emotion.
• 9.1.5 Role of cortex in emotion
• 9.2 Disorders of Emotion.
• 9.2.1 Brain Damage and Lack of Affect
• 9.2.2 Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
• 9.2.3 Mood Disorders
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10. Spatial Ability

• 10.1 Spatial Ability.
• 10.1.1 What is Spatial Ability?
• 10.1.2 Hemispheric Representation of Space
• 10.1.3 Parietal Lobes
• 10.1.4 Frontal Lobes
• 10.1.5 Temporal Lobes
• 10.1.6 Personal Representations of Space
• 10.1.7 Extrapersonal Space.
• 10.2 Disorders of Spatial Ability.
• 10.2.1 Disturbances in Personal Space
• 10.2.2 Disturbances of Extrapersonal Space
• 10.2.3 Balint-Holmes Syndrome.
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11. Attention and Consciousness

• 11.1 Studying Attention.
• 11.1.1 Early versus late selection
• 11.1.2 How does attention shift? Voluntary versus Reflexive Orienting
• 11.1.3 Neural system(s) subserving attention
• 11.2 Studying Consciousness.
• 11.2.1 Defining Consciousness
• 11.2.2 The neural basis of consciousness
• 11.2.3 Methods of Studying Consciousness
• 11.3 Disorders of Attention and Consciousness.
• 11.3.1 Blindsight
• 11.3.2 Spatial Neglect
• 11.3.3 Bálint-Holmes syndrome.
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12. Humans, Human Brains, and Evolution

• 12.1 Evolution of Humans.
• 12.1.1 Principles of Evolution
• 12.1.2 Hominid Evolution
• 12.1.3 Evolution of the Nervous System
• 12.1.4 Inferences
• 12.2 Evolution and Behavior.
• 12.2.1 Evolution and Behavior
• 12.2.2 Evolutionary Psychology
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13. Neural Development and Developmental Disorders

• 13.1 Neural Development
• 13.1.1 Early Development
• 13.1.2 Post Natal development
• 13.1.2.1 Parietal Lobe Development
• 13.1.2.2 Occipital Lobe Development
• 13.1.2.3 Temporal Lobe Development
• 13.1.2.4 Frontal Lobe Development
• 13.2 Disorders of Development
• 13.2.1 Potential Causes of Developmental Abnormalities
• 13.2.2 Developmental Dyslexia
• 13.2.3 Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
• 13.2.4 Autism
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14. Human Brain Damage

• 14.1 Causes of Brain Damage.
• 14.1.1 Tumors
• 14.1.1.1 Tumors arising from glial cells.
• 14.1.1.2 Tumors arising from the meninges
• 14.1.1.3 Metastatic tumors
• 14.1.2 Cerebrovascular Disorders
• 14.1.3 Head Injuries
• 14.1.3.1 Traumatic Brain Injury
• 14.1.3.2 Closed versus Open head Injury
• 14.1.4 Infections
• 14.1.5 Neurotoxins
• 14.2 Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases.
• 14.2.1 The Epilepsies.
• 14.2.2 Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateralizing Sclerosis
• 14.2.3 Schizophrenia
• 14.2.4 Mood Disorders
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15. Neuropsychological Assessment

• 15.1 Participants in a Neuropsychological Assessment.
• 15.1.1 The Client
• 15.1.2 The Neurologist
• 15.1.3 The Radiologist.
• 15.1.4 The Clinical Neuropsychologist
• 15.2 The Assessment.
• 15.2.1 Neuropsychological Assessment
• 15.2.2 Test Batteries
• 15.2.3 Which test to use?
• 15.2.4 Issues in Neuropsychological Assessment
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16. Recovery of Function

• 16.1 Neural Degeneration, Regeneration and Reorganization.
• 16.1.1 Degeneration
• 16.1.2 Regeneration
• 16.1.3 Reorganization
• 16.2 Therapeutic Interventions.
• 16.2.1 Rehabilitation
• 16.2.2 Transplantation
• 16.2.3 Stem Cells
• 16.2.4 Genetic Engineering
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